Russia and China each consume approximately 23 kg of fish and seafood per capita annually. Interestingly, their targets for 2030 are also quite similar—29 kg in China and 28–30 kg in Russia. However, while Russia primarily relies on wild-caught fish, China mainly produces its supply through aquaculture. This raises a logical question: What role does aquaculture play in meeting these targets, and which Chinese practices might be adapted successfully to Russian conditions?

Aquaculture in Russia and China: Similarities and Differences

Despite having comparable current and projected consumption figures, the structure of fish consumption differs significantly between the two countries. In China, seafood has long been a staple in the national diet, while in Russia, consumption levels vary widely depending on the region and socio-economic conditions. For instance, in areas like the Russian Far East and Pomorye, where fishing is a traditional industry, fish is consumed more frequently than in inland regions. Due to longer transportation times and associated costs, there is a growing belief that developing aquaculture could reduce logistical expenses and help increase fish consumption nationwide.

In China, a large share of fish and seafood comes from aquaculture, whereas in Russia, wild catch remains dominant. Last year, wild fisheries accounted for about 92% of all fish products in Russia, with only 8% from aquaculture. In contrast, China’s ratio was 18% wild catch to 82% aquaculture. In practical terms, for every ton of wild-caught fish, China produces approximately four tons through aquaculture.

An analysis of the species being farmed reveals both striking similarities and key differences. Carp species dominate Chinese aquaculture, while in Russia, their share has been steadily declining. Once accounting for more than half of Russia’s aquaculture output, carps dropped below 40% by 2024. Instead, the Russian market now favors salmonids, particularly Atlantic salmon and trout, which make up less than 5% of China’s farmed fish.

China also leads in seaweed cultivation, which makes up 25% of its total aquaculture output compared to just 5% in Russia. Several popular species in China—such as tilapia, whiteleg shrimp, and eel—are rarely farmed in Russia due to a range of factors. However, cultivation of other species like oysters and scallops is actively expanding in Russia’s coastal regions.

Differences in climate, socio-economic conditions, and other factors make a direct comparison between the aquaculture sectors of Russia and China difficult. Nevertheless, examining China’s technologies provides valuable insight into their potential adaptation in the Russian context.

Technology in Focus

Although Russia already employs Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), China’s approach differs significantly in scale and integration. In China, RAS is often part of large-scale agro-industrial complexes, where fish farming is combined with hydroponics, waste processing, and even renewable energy (e.g., biogas and solar panels). These complexes are characterized not only by integrated production but also by high levels of automation, scalability, and standardization.

China also implements “zero waste” principles by converting fish by-products into usable resources. Artificial intelligence and neural networks are widely used to monitor water quality and optimize feeding. Standardized technologies and procedures are rolled out nationwide, even in remote and arid regions. Beyond RAS, China is also actively exploring other aquaculture technologies that are still in early stages of adoption in Russia but could deliver significant benefits if adapted properly.

Industrial-Scale Polyculture

The combined farming of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and seaweeds is a cornerstone of Chinese aquaculture. This approach optimizes the use of nutrients in water bodies while reducing disease risk and minimizing ecological impact, leading to more resilient and cost-effective production. In Russia, such systems show great potential in marine coastal areas and southern freshwater zones—especially in light of the growing interest in seaweed cultivation.

Deep-Sea Offshore Aquaculture

China is rapidly developing offshore fish farming platforms in open waters. These systems operate in more stable environments than coastal farms and are less susceptible to pollution. They also enable large-scale production without putting pressure on shoreline infrastructure. Given Russia’s vast maritime borders and limited coastal aquaculture capacity, offshore farms could provide a significant growth opportunity for years to come.

Automated Feeding and Digital Monitoring

China’s aquaculture sector is increasingly adopting smart farm management systems, equipped with water quality sensors and behavior-responsive automatic feeders. These systems are typically paired with digital analytics tools that forecast growth rates and optimize production. Such technologies are especially valuable for large-scale farms with limited labor and high biosecurity risks. Modeling tools are also widely used. Adopting these solutions in Russia will require technical adaptation and integration with existing systems. Localized “turnkey” solutions would make implementation more accessible for Russian fish farmers.

Closed-Loop Agro-Aquaculture Systems

These integrated “fish + plant” systems (aquaponics) use nutrient-rich water from RAS to irrigate greenhouse crops, which in turn help purify the water. In China, such projects receive regional government support and demonstrate high profitability. In Russia, they currently exist mostly as pilot initiatives.

Potential for Technology Transfer to Russia

Integrating Chinese and other international technologies into Russian aquaculture represents a promising avenue for sectoral development. These technologies can improve the economic efficiency of fish farms while reducing their environmental impact. They also have the potential to support sustainable production growth in climatically challenging and remote regions. Cultivating more seaweed and shellfish could further diversify product lines.

At AQUA FARM GLOBAL, we will delve into the adaptation of international aquaculture technologies to enhance productivity and sustainability. Expert-led discussions will help participants explore the opportunities and risks of implementing these and other innovations. Practicing specialists from China, Vietnam, Turkey, the EAEU, and beyond will join us to share their insights in person.

The AQUA FARM GLOBAL aquaculture and mariculture exhibition will take place within Seafood Expo Russia, October 22–24 at the ExpoForum Convention & Exhibition Centre in St. Petersburg. We welcome your feedback and would be happy to discuss any proposed topics as part of the event’s business program.

For business program proposals and participation inquiries: Maria Yudina, Business Program Manager – m.yudina@rusfishexpo.com

To discuss this article, share your experience, or submit ideas for our blog: Alexander Morozov, Marketing & Advertising Manager – a.morozov@rusfishexpo.com